ACEP ID:

Acute Blunt Trauma

Critical Issues in the Evaluation of Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Acute Blunt Trauma (January 2011)

Scope of Application.
This guideline is intended for physicians working in emergency departments (EDs).

Inclusion Criteria.
This guideline is intended for nonpregnant adult patients with blunt trauma.

Exclusion Criteria.
This guideline is not intended for pediatric, pregnant, or penetrating patients with trauma.


Recommendations offered in this policy are not intended to represent the only diagnostic and management options that the emergency physician should consider. ACEP recognizes the importance of the individual physician’s judgment and patient preferences.

Critical Questions

  • In adult patients presenting to the ED with blunt trauma, does whole-body CT improve clinically important outcomes in hemodynamically stable patients?

    Recommendations
    Level A Recommendations
    None specified.
    Level B Recommendations

    None specified.

    Level C Recommendations

    Due to the lack of quality evidence, use clinical judgment and hospital-specific protocols to decide between selective CT and whole-body CT imaging in hemodynamically stable, adult, patients with blunt trauma. [Consensus]

    Level A Recommendations
    None specified.
    Level B Recommendations

    None specified.

    Level C Recommendations

    Due to the lack of quality evidence, use clinical judgment and hospital-specific protocols to decide between selective CT and whole-body CT imaging in hemodynamically stable, adult, patients with blunt trauma. [Consensus]

  • In geriatric patients presenting to the ED with blunt trauma, does age-based, differential trauma triage reduce morbidity and/or mortality?

    Recommendations
    Level A Recommendations
    None specified.
    Level B Recommendations

    Emergency physicians should factor age (greater than 65 years) into triage of older adult patients with trauma as they have increased morbidity and mortality compared with similarly injured adults.

    Level C Recommendations

    None specified.

    Level A Recommendations
    None specified.
    Level B Recommendations

    Emergency physicians should factor age (greater than 65 years) into triage of older adult patients with trauma as they have increased morbidity and mortality compared with similarly injured adults.

    Level C Recommendations

    None specified.

  • In adult patients presenting to the ED with blunt trauma, what is the ideal blood product ratio to reduce morbidity and/or mortality in patients requiring transfusion?

    Recommendations
    Level A Recommendations

    None specified.

    Level B Recommendations

    In adult patients presenting to the ED with blunt trauma, use a fresh frozen plasma (FFP): platelet: packed red blood cells (PRBC) ratio from 1:1:1 to 1:1:1.5 to reduce 24-hour mortality without increasing morbidity.

    Level C Recommendations

    None specified.

    Level A Recommendations

    None specified.

    Level B Recommendations

    In adult patients presenting to the ED with blunt trauma, use a fresh frozen plasma (FFP): platelet: packed red blood cells (PRBC) ratio from 1:1:1 to 1:1:1.5 to reduce 24-hour mortality without increasing morbidity.

    Level C Recommendations

    None specified.

  • In adult patients presenting to the ED with blunt trauma, does REBOA reduce morbidity and/or mortality in arrested or periarrest patients compared to ED thoracotomy?

    Recommendations
    Level A Recommendations

    None specified.

    Level B Recommendations

    In arrested or periarrest adult, patients with blunt trauma, do not routinely use REBOA over ED thoracotomy.

    Level C Recommendations

    None specified.

    Level A Recommendations

    None specified.

    Level B Recommendations

    In arrested or periarrest adult, patients with blunt trauma, do not routinely use REBOA over ED thoracotomy.

    Level C Recommendations

    None specified.

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Findings and Strength of Recommendations

Clinical findings and strength of recommendations regarding patient management were made according to the following criteria:
Level A recommendations
Generally accepted principles for patient care that reflect a high degree of clinical certainty (eg, based on evidence from 1 or more Class of Evidence I or multiple Class of Evidence II studies).
Level B recommendations
Recommendations for patient care that may identify a particular strategy or range of strategies that reflect moderate clinical certainty (eg, based on evidence from 1 or more Class of Evidence II studies or strong consensus of Class of Evidence III studies).
Level C recommendations
Recommendations for patient care that are based on evidence from Class of Evidence III studies or, in the absence of adequate published literature, based on expert consensus. In instances in which consensus recommendations are made, “consensus” is placed in parentheses at the end of the recommendation.
There are certain circumstances in which the recommendations stemming from a body of evidence should not be rated as highly as the individual studies on which they are based. Factors such as heterogeneity of results, uncertainty about effect magnitude, and publication bias, among others, might lead to a downgrading of recommendations.
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