Behavior Change Intervention FAQ

Counseling Risk Factor Reduction and Behavior Change Intervention (CPT® 99406-99409) and HCPCS G0396-G0397 are face-to-face services provided by a physician or other qualified healthcare professional*. However, the Alcohol and Substance Abuse codes specify a "structured assessment," and brief intervention must be performed. Standardized evidence-based screening instruments and tools with reliable documentation and appropriate sensitivity are required to report any of these services (e.g., AUDIT, DAST, and T-ACE for alcohol, etc.).

Behavior Change Interventions services include:

• Specifically validated interventions of assessing readiness for change and barriers to change.
• Advising a change in behavior.
• Providing specific suggested actions.
• Arranging services and follow-up.

*An emergency physician can only code/bill for behavior change services provided by other qualified healthcare professionals if the physician group employs the individual.

You may report an E/M code on the same date you provide the behavior change intervention if it is distinct and separately identifiable and the effort is made to provide the counseling service is not used as a basis for the E/M code selection.  Utilize modifier -25 to indicate the E/M service was a significant, separately identifiable service from the Behavior Change Intervention.

ICD-10 codes which support smoking prevention counseling: 

Use Z71.6, Tobacco abuse counseling, with the applicable additional code - 

[“-” is a placeholder for an additional character]

Frequency: Two cessation attempts per year. Each attempt may include a maximum of 4 intermediate or intensive sessions, with the total annual benefit covering up to 8 sessions per year.

Source:  https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Prevention/PrevntionGenInfo/medicare-preventive-services/MPS-QuickReferenceChart-1.html#TOBACCO

Document the time spent counseling the patient about smoking cessation. Smoking cessation counseling codes are time-based. The intermediate service requires more than three (3) minutes up to ten (10) minutes. The intensive service requires more than 10 minutes. 

Document patient readiness for change and barriers to change, advising a change in behavior and providing specific suggested actions. These codes are used to report services provided face-to-face by a physician or other qualified healthcare professional to promote health and prevent illness or injury.

• 99408: Alcohol and/or substance (other than tobacco) abuse structured screening (e.g., AUDIT, DAST), and brief intervention (SBI) services; 15 to 30 minutes. Services less than 15 minutes are not reportable with 99408.
• 99409: Alcohol and/or substance (other than tobacco) abuse structured screening (e.g., AUDIT, DAST), and brief intervention (SBI) services; greater than 30 minutes.

You may not report 99409 in conjunction with 99408. Codes 99408 and 99409 are used only for initial screening and brief intervention.

Medicare has established the following HCPCS G Codes for alcohol and/or other substance abuse. Note the G codes require a "structured assessment" and brief intervention.

• G0396: Alcohol and/or substance (other than tobacco) misuse structured assessment (e.g., AUDIT, DAST), and brief intervention (SBI) services; 15-30 minutes.
• G0397: Alcohol and/or substance (other than tobacco) misuse structured assessment (e.g., AUDIT, DAST), and intervention; greater than 31 minutes.

These codes may be reported when performed in physician's offices and outpatient hospitals.

Source: Medicare Learning Network Matters Number: SE1013, August 2012 Medicare Learning Network: ICN 904084 June 2014), and via Telehealth.

ICD-10 codes which support substance abuse screening:

• Alcohol related disorders (F10.-)
• Opioid related disorders (F11.-)
• Cannabis related disorders (F12.-)
• Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic related disorders (F13.-)
• Cocaine related disorders (F14.-)
• Other stimulant [amphetamine] related disorders (F15.-)
• Hallucinogen [PCP, ecstasy] related disorders (F16.-)
• Inhalant related disorders (F18.-)
• Other psychoactive substance related [polysubstance] disorders (F19.-)
• Alcohol use complicating pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium (O99.31-)
• Drug use complicating pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium (O33.32-)

Additional ICD-10-CM codes may apply.

Note: G0442 and G0443 are similar Medicare codes but may ONLY be used by qualified primary care physicians or other primary care practitioners in a primary care setting. (Medicare Claims Processing Manual 2014, Chapter 18, Section 180.2) Also see Decision Memo for Screening and Behavioral Counseling Interventions in Primary Care to Reduce Alcohol Misuse (CAG-00427N).

The RVUs assigned to smoking and tobacco AUDIT/ DAST use cessation services in 2024 are:

The Medicare payment is determined by multiplying the RVUs by the Conversion Factor. At this writing, the CF for 2024 is 33.2875.

The smoking cessation codes (99406 and 99407) have been assigned status indicator A in the Medicare Physician Fee schedule and, as such, are reportable to Medicare within certain parameters. Medicare covers outpatient and hospitalized patients for whom all the following are true:

• Use tobacco, regardless of whether they exhibit signs or symptoms of tobacco-related disease
• Competent and alert at the time of Counseling
• Counseling provided by a qualified physician or other Medicare-recognized practitioner

Alcohol abuse codes are payable for primary care settings only.

On January 1, 2020, under the Calendar Year (CY) 2020 Medicare Physician Fee Schedule final rule, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) added Opioid Treatment Programs (OTPs) through bundled payments for opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment services provided to people with Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance). 

Under the OTP benefit, Medicare covers:

• U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved opioid agonist and antagonist medication-assisted treatment (MAT) medications
• Dispensing and administration of MAT medications (if applicable)
• Substance use counseling
• Individual and group therapy
• Toxicology testing
• Intake activities
• Periodic assessments

There are HCPCS codes for Office-based, Telehealth opioid treatment (G2086-G2088).  These codes reflect monthly bundled services for primary care. 

Guidance/Guidance/Manuals/downloads/clm104c18.pdf

See also Federal Guidelines for Opioid Treatment Programs

OTP providers must be:

• Enrolled in Medicare.
• Fully certified by SAMHSA.
• Accredited by an accrediting body approved by SAMHSA.
• Able to meet such additional conditions as the Secretary may find necessary to ensure the health and safety of individuals being provided services.

Professionals who can provide substance use counseling and individual and group therapy included in the bundled payment may include:

• Licensed clinical social workers.
• Licensed professional counselors.
• Licensed clinical alcohol and drug counselors.
• Certified peer specialists who are permitted to furnish this type of therapy or counseling by state law and scope of practice.
• Others who are permitted to furnish this type of therapy or counseling by state law and scope of practice.

If the individuals furnishing therapy or counseling services are not authorized under state law to furnish such services, the therapy or counseling services provided by these professionals would not be covered as OUD treatment services.

The 2023 Physician Fee Schedule includes HCPCS codes G2067-G2080 for treating opioid dependence. These codes carry a status indicator A, which includes payment under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule. 

Source: https://www.cms.gov/files/document/otp-billing-and-payment-fact-sheet.pdf

For additional information on alcohol and substance abuse screening codes:

Reimbursement for SBIRT

SIBRT MLN Matters 904084

Medicare Claims Processing Manual Chapter 18 - Preventive and Screening Services

See also, Federal Guidelines for Opioid Treatment Programs